Packaging and Storage Graphic Symbols Mark
1Key Takeaways
This standard establishes uniform graphical symbols and markings for packaging and transportation to ensure clear communication of handling instructions and safety information. It defines the design, application, and usage guidelines for symbols related to product protection, handling precautions, and storage condition…
2Expert Interpretation
This in-depth analysis of the national standard GB/T 191-2025 "Graphic Symbols for Packaging and Storage" covers 17 updated graphic symbols, technical differences from ISO 780:2015, standardization of symbol size and color, and on-site hand-drawing application methods, providing a professional implementation guide for logistics packaging design and safety management.
In-depth Interpretation and Technological Evolution Analysis of GB/T 191-2025 Standard
GB/T 191-2025 "Packaging and Storage Graphic Symbols" is a fundamental standard in my country's packaging and logistics field. It was released in 2025 and officially replaced the 2008 version. This revision is not only an update of technical content but also a significant milestone in aligning my country's packaging standardization system with international standards. This document adopts the ISO 780:2015 international standard, maintaining international applicability while incorporating localized adjustments to meet my country's actual application needs, reflecting the standardization principle of "international standards, applicable in China".
Background and Technological Evolution of the Standard Revision
Since its first release in 1963, the GB/T 191 standard has undergone six revisions, witnessing the entire process of my country's packaging industry from its inception to modernization.
The revision is primarily based on the following three aspects: 1. The need for international standardization: With the deepening integration of the global supply chain, the international uniformity of packaging and storage markings has become crucial for reducing trade barriers and improving logistics efficiency. ISO 780:2015, as an internationally recognized standard for packaging graphic symbols, helps Chinese enterprises better participate in international competition. 2. Driven by technological development: The development of modern logistics technologies, such as automated warehousing and intelligent handling equipment, has placed higher demands on the recognizability and standardization of packaging markings. The new standard places greater emphasis on the compatibility of graphic symbols with machine vision recognition. 3. Improved safety regulations: In recent years, my country has continuously increased its emphasis on safe production, and the prevention of safety accidents during packaging and storage has become a key regulatory focus. The strengthening of safety markings such as "center of gravity" and "lifted from here" in the standard is a response to this trend. From a technological evolution perspective, this revision achieves three major transformations: from single handling instructions to full-process storage and transportation management; from static printed markings to dynamic and modifiable markings; and from domestic self-use standards to internationally compatible standards. Core Content Analysis: Technical Specifications for 17 Types of Graphic Symbols Chapter 4 of the standard systematically specifies the classification, graphic symbols, and meanings of 17 types of markings, divided into four categories according to application scenarios: Large Packaging Special Markings (Table 1) Two key safety markings designed for heavy and large packaging: Center of Gravity Marking (Symbol No. 1): Adopting the ISO 7000(0627) standard graphics, it is clearly required to be marked at the center of gravity position on 6 sides of the packaging, with at least 2 sides and 2 ends marked. In practice, a **center of gravity measuring instrument** or a **3D coordinate measuring machine** is required for precise positioning. Case: The packaging for exported heavy machinery overturned during port hoisting due to inaccurate marking of the center of gravity, resulting in equipment damage and downtime losses amounting to 1.2 million yuan. The "Lift Here" sign (symbol number 2) adopts ISO 7000 (0625) graphics, requiring marking on two opposite surfaces and ensuring the packaging remains level. The key technical point lies in the mechanical calculation of the lifting point location, considering the structural strength and center of gravity distribution of the packaging.Small and Medium-Sized Packaging Handling Marks (Table 2-4)
Subdivided into three categories: general handling, manual handling, and mechanical handling, with a total of 7 types of marks:
“Fragile, Handle with Care” mark (symbol number 3): This revision adds requirements for orientation, stipulating that it should be marked on the upper left or upper right corner of each end and side of the transport package. This stems from ergonomic research—the natural point of view for handling workers is in this area. At the same time, the standard clarifies that it should be used only for fragile products that are difficult to protect effectively with normal packaging, preventing warning fatigue caused by misuse of the mark.
Mechanical Handling Related Marks: Including “Forklifts Prohibited,” “Do Not Clamp Here,” “Pick Up Here,” etc. Of particular note is the addition of an example explanation for the “Pick Up Here” mark, clarifying the relationship between the clamping position and the marked surface.
In automated warehouses, the accurate labeling of these markers directly impacts the operational safety of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS).Packaging, Transportation, and Storage Markings (Table 5)
Six types of markings covering environmental control and direction indication, with several new requirements for orientation:
“Temperature Limitation” Marking (Symbol No. 14):
This has the most stringent technical requirements, requiring the specific temperature range (°C max/°C min) to be specified. In pharmaceutical cold chain logistics, this marking, along with temperature recorder data, forms the basis for quality traceability. Case Study: Due to unclear temperature markings during the transportation of a certain biological agent, the entire batch of goods was exposed to an uncontrolled environment during transshipment, resulting in a direct economic loss of 3 million yuan.“Upward” Marking (Symbol No. 13):The revised marking requirements for bundled packaging are clarified—the marking face should be placed outwards. This is especially important for mixed containers commonly found in e-commerce logistics.
Packaging Storage Special Markings (Table 6)
Important technical annotations have been added to all three stacking-related markings:
“Stacking Quality Limit” Marking (Symbol No. 15):A new annotation confirms that “The load value does not include the weight of the bottommost transport package”, resolving a long-standing ambiguity in understanding. In actual warehouse planning, this value needs to be obtained through compression testing machine testing, taking into account safety factors such as storage cycle, environmental temperature and humidity.
“Stacking Layer Limit” mark (symbol number 16): The meaning has been revised from “maximum stacking layer” in the 2008 version to “the maximum number of identical transport packages that can be stacked on the bottommost transport package 'n'”, making the expression more precise. It also clarifies that “n” does not include the bottommost package, maintaining logical consistency with the quality limit mark.
Standard Framework Comparison Analysis Table
| Comparison Dimensions | GB/T 191-2008 | GB/T 191-2025 | Significance of Technological Evolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Name | Packaging and Storage Pictorial Symbols | Packaging and Storage Graphic Symbols | More precise terminology, corresponding to the international standard "graphical symbols" |
| Symbol Classification | 17 types of symbols in a single table | 4 categories and 6 tables according to application scenarios | Clearer logical structure, easier to select as needed |
| Adopted International Standards | Reference to ISO 780 | Modified Adoption of ISO 780:2015 | Achieving Substantial Technical Alignment |
| Source of Graphic Symbols | Partially Independently Designed | All Symbols Adopted from ISO 7000 Series | Ensuring International Recognition Consistency |
| Hand-Drawn Application Regulations | Not Explicitly Regulations | Hand-Drawn Additions/Modifications Allowed for 8 Types of Symbols | Enhancing On-Site Adaptability and Reducing Compliance Costs |
| Detailed Safety Requirements | Basic Safety Requirements | Added Orientation Requirements, Numerical Interpretations, etc. | Significantly Improved Safety Protection Level |
Technical Considerations for Sign Size and Color Specifications
Chapter 5 specifies the size and color requirements for signs. These seemingly basic regulations actually contain profound human factors engineering principles:
Engineering Logic of Size Specifications (Table 7)
The standard specifies four standard sizes (50×70mm to 200×280mm), and their technical basis includes:
1. Visual Recognition Distance:According to ISO 3864-1 standard, the relationship between the minimum recognition size of graphic symbols and the viewing distance is: at least 5mm of graphic height is required for every 1 meter of viewing distance. 200×280mm signs are suitable for recognition at a distance of 15-20 meters, meeting the needs of warehouse high-level racking operations.
2. Packaging Surface Area Ratio: The recommended ratio of the logo area to the packaging surface area is 1%-3%, ensuring visibility without affecting the overall appearance of the packaging.
3. New 50mm Specification: This is a special adjustment to adapt to the small-item packaging of e-commerce in my country. For small packages such as electronic products and cosmetics, the traditional 100mm logo would take up too much space. The 50mm specification improves applicability while maintaining readability.
The Safety Philosophy of Color Specifications
The rule that "the logo color is generally black" is based on multiple safety considerations:
1. Contrast Priority: Black provides high contrast on most packaging materials (corrugated cardboard, wooden boxes, plastics, etc.). When the packaging color is dark, the standard allows the use of a white background or other contrasting colors, but the core principle is to "ensure the logo is clearly visible."
2. Avoidance of Dangerous Signs: The stipulation to "avoid using red, orange, or yellow" is to prevent confusion with GB 190 "Packing Marks for Dangerous Goods". In mixed transport scenarios, this color differentiation can quickly guide operators to take different safety measures.
3. Printing Process Compatibility: Black ink has the best stability and economy among various printing processes (offset printing, screen printing, inkjet printing, etc.), which is conducive to the large-scale implementation of the standard.
Innovation and Practical Guidance on Marking Application Methods
Chapter 6 "Application Methods of Marks" is one of the highlights of this revision, especially the explicit provisions on hand-drawn applications, which reflects the pragmatic orientation of the standard setting.
Classification and Implementation of Application Methods
| Application Methods | Applicable Mark Types | Technical Requirements | Typical Application Scenarios |
|---|---|---|---|
| Printing/Pasting | All 17 Marks | The outer frame and name should be printed; for exported goods, the Chinese name and outer frame can be omitted | Mass Production Packaging, Standard Logistics Packaging |
| Hanging/Nailing | Large Packaging Marks | Ensure secure, accurate positioning, and not easily detached | Irregular Shape Packaging, Reusable Packaging |
| Spray Painting | Temporary Markings, On-site Addition | Outer Frame and Name Can Be Omitted, But Graphic Symbols Must Be Complete | Emergency Repair, Temporary Changes in Transportation Requirements |
| Hand-painted | 8 Specific Markings | Graphics Basically Accurate, Meaning Clear, Use of Appropriate Writing Tools | Packaging Damage Repair, Temporary Changes in Transportation Conditions, Reuse of Old Packaging |
Technological Breakthrough in Hand-painted Applications
Standard 6.1.2 explicitly allows 8 types of markings to be added by hand, which is a breakthrough from the traditional concept of "must be printed":
**Technical Rationality:** Hand-drawn signs are primarily those indicating "prohibition" or "restriction" (such as prohibition of hand hooks, prohibition of stacking, etc.). These signs are relatively simple in design, and hand-drawing is less likely to cause ambiguity. However, signs involving precise location and safety calculations, such as "center of gravity" and "lifted from here," still require standardized printing. **Economic Considerations:** In logistics practice, packaging may be damaged during transportation or transportation requirements may change. Requiring reprinting the packaging would result in significant waste. Hand-drawing allows for on-site corrections, aligning with green packaging and circular economy principles. **Operational Guidelines:** While hand-drawing is permitted, the standard specifies quality requirements through a note: "Over time, packaging quality may decline... stakeholders need to decide whether to discontinue transportation and storage or add appropriate graphic symbols for continued use." This effectively establishes a risk-based decision-making mechanism.Optimization Principles for the Number and Location of Markings
Chapter 6.2 embodies the principle of "necessary and sufficient":
"Center of Gravity" and "Lifted From Here": Requires marking on at least two opposite sides, based on the reality that operators may approach from different directions during lifting operations.
"Fragile, Handle with Care": Requires marking in the upper corner of all four sides. Studies have found that when handling workers lift the package, their line of sight naturally falls on this area, making this the most effective warning.
"Upward" Marking: When assembling packages, it requires "marked side outwards." This is a special provision for mixed containers commonly found in modern logistics, ensuring that regardless of how the containers are stacked, there is always an "Upward" marking visible.
Analysis of Technical Differences with International Standards
Appendix B details nine technical differences from ISO 780:2015, reflecting the standardization wisdom of "localization":
Substantial Technical Adjustments
1. Complete Presentation of Graphic Symbols: Unlike the ISO standard, which only provides graphic symbol numbers, GB/T 191-2025 presents the graphics of 17 symbols in Tables 1-6, reducing the inconvenience for users to verify other standards.
2. Increased Adaptability of Size Specifications: A 50mm specification has been added, based on the actual situation that small packages account for a high proportion in my country's e-commerce logistics. At the same time, the flexible clause in the ISO standard that "different aspect ratios can be used" has been removed, ensuring the seriousness and consistency of the graphic symbols.
3. Refinement of Application Methods: Common Chinese methods of marking and fixing have been added, such as hanging and nailing. In particular, the provision that Chinese names can be omitted for exported goods has been clarified, reflecting the standard's trade facilitation orientation.
Editorial Improvements
1. Adjustment of Standard Name: The standard name has been changed from "Packaging and Storage Pictorial Marks" to "Packaging and Storage Graphic Symbol Marks," accurately corresponding to the ISO standard's "graphical symbols," and also unifying the terminology with the GB/T 16273 series of standards, "Graphic Symbols for Equipment."
2. Structural Optimization: The marks scattered across different chapters in the ISO standard have been consolidated into a logically clear 4 categories and 6 tables, improving the standard's usability.
3. Supplementary Examples: Example explanations have been added for marks such as "Pinch Here" and "Temperature Limit," lowering the barrier to understanding.
Standardization Concepts Behind the Differences
These technological differences are not simply "additions or subtractions," but rather the result of careful consideration based on the realities of my country's industries:
Industry Adaptability:my country's packaging industry is large in scale but uneven in development, consisting of highly automated smart factories as well as a large number of small and medium-sized packaging enterprises.
While maintaining its advanced nature, the standard ensures its feasibility for enterprises at different levels by allowing hand-drawing and providing multiple application methods.Safety Priority: When adopting international standards, all safety-related requirements (such as the location of center-of-gravity markers and the interpretation of stacking limits) have been specified with stricter or clearer regulations.
Operational Practicality: Content in the ISO standard that was highly theoretical but not very practical (such as instructions on graphic symbol templates) has been removed, and guidance urgently needed for on-site operations has been added (such as specific requirements for marker placement).
Implementation Recommendations and Industry Impact Analysis
Enterprise Implementation Roadmap
Phase 1: Standard Transition Period (2025-2026)
1. Conduct training on standard differences, focusing on understanding the new requirements and graphics of the 17 marks.
2. Evaluate existing packaging designs and develop a mark update plan.
3. Update packaging design specifications and supplier technical requirements.
4. For export enterprises, pay special attention to the regulation that "Chinese mark names can be omitted for exported goods".
Phase 2: System Integration Period (2026-2027)
1. Integrate mark requirements into the enterprise's quality management system and safety production system.
2. Train logistics personnel to understand the meaning of the new marks, especially the recognition of hand-drawn marks.
3. Add a mark management module to the WMS (Warehouse Management System) and TMS (Transportation Management System).
4. For automated warehouses, adjust the sign recognition library of the visual recognition system.
Phase Three: Continuous Optimization Period (After 2027)
1. Collect sign usage data and optimize sign selection and location design.
2. Establish a correlation analysis between packaging signs and logistics accidents for continuous improvement.
3. Participate in sharing industry best practices and promote supply chain collaboration.
Key Industry Impact Prediction
| Industry Sector | Main Impacts | Response Strategies |
|---|---|---|
| E-commerce Logistics | Increased pressure to standardize small package signs; demand for adding signs to return packaging | Develop standardized labeling templates; train sorting personnel to recognize hand-drawn signs |
| Pharmaceutical Cold Chain | The standardized use of the "Temperature Limitation" sign has become a compliance focus. Signage requirements will be incorporated into GSP management; dedicated temperature sign printing equipment will be deployed. The accuracy requirements for "Center of Gravity" and "Lift Here" signs will be increased. Investment in center of gravity measurement equipment will be made; collaborative training with lifting service providers will be conducted. Third-Party Logistics requires the identification and processing of various hand-drawn signs; multi-customer sign management is becoming more complex. A sign recognition database will be established; standardized templates for customer packaging signs will be developed. Changing demands for sign printing services; increased demand for small-batch customization will be addressed. Modular sign design software will be developed; sign printing compliance consulting services will be provided.